Answer:
32
Explanation:
When we start with one fragment of DNA, 2ⁿ is the formula used to calculate the copies of the DNA after the specific number of cycle. The number of cycles is represented by n in the formula. But as in the question there are two fragments so one copy of DNA have already been completed. That why if we want to calculate the number of DNA copies produced after four cycles of PCR we have to put 2⁵ instead of 2⁴ to get the right number and that would be 32.
Pcr cycles comprises of denaturation, annealing and extension and number of PCR cycles depends on number of copies you needed. The PCR cycles will continue until it is deficient by rate on of the limiting factors such nucleotide bases.
<span>Cell-mediated immunity is an immune response that does not involve antibodies but rather involves the activation of macrophages and natural killer cells, the production of antigen-specificCytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen.</span>
Answer:
Calculate the percentage of time spent in each phase by counting the total number of cells in each phase (total in interphase, in prophase, etc.) ... Multiply the percentage of time in each phase by the total time of the cell cycle (720 minutes) and this gives you an estimate of the time spent in each phase.
Explanation:
Answer: Plasmid.
A plasmid is a small DNA molecule within a bacteria cell that is separated from the chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. Through Recombinant DNA, we can insert a gene that we want to see replicated in the plasmid, and when the bacteria multiplies, which it does often, we will obtain a lot of copies of interest gene.
In a direct democracy, power is inherited rather than allocated through elections.
Answer: Option A
<u>Explanation:</u>
Direct democracy means where the citizens can participate in making decisions. Here citizens possess the right to vote against issues instead of a candidate or party. Here everyone has the right to take decisions. It’s a participatory kind of democracy where the decisions are affected by the people.
If a group is affected because of an issue they can directly apply for a recall. Here the direct interaction of people plays a vital role. In most countries this direct democracy is not in practice as it was outsmarted by bunch of elites who wanted to monopolize power.