Ella Osborn’s 1918 diary provides insight into the experiences of an American nurse serving in
France at the end of World War I. In addition to her notes about the men under her care and
events in France, Osborn jotted down two popular World War I poems, “In Flanders Fields,” by
Canadian surgeon Lt. Col. John D. McCrae, and “The Answer,” by Lt. J. A. Armstrong of
Wisconsin.
McCrae composed “In Flanders Fields” on May 3, 1915, during the Second Battle of Ypres,
Belgium. It was published in Punch magazine on December 8, 1915, and became one of the most
popular and frequently quoted poems about the war. It was used for recruitment, in propaganda
efforts, and to sell war bonds. Today the red poppy of McCrae’s poem has become a symbol for
soldiers who have died in combat.
In Flanders Fields the poppies grow
Between the crosses, row on row,
That mark our place.
“The Answer” is one of many poems written in response to “In Flanders Fields”:
Sleep peacefully, for all is well.
Your flaming torch aloft we bear,
With burning heart an oath we swear
To keep the faith to fight it through
To crush the foe, or sleep with you
In Flanders Field
Osborn’s transcripts of the poems contain some textual differences from the published versions.
Based on the ink used in the diary entries and the ink used in the verses, it appears she went back
in her diary to find empty pages to include the poems.
Transcripts
[The poems as transcribed in Osborn’s diary contain some textual differences from the published versions.]
In Flanders Fields
In Flanders Fields the poppies grow
Between the crosses, row on row,
That mark our place. While in the Sky
The larks still bravely singing, fly
2
World War I poems: “In Flanders Fields” & “The Answer,” 1918
© 2014 The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History
www.gilderlehrman.org
Unheard, amid the guns below.
We are the dead, Short days ago
We lived, felt dawns, saw sunsets glow;
Loved and were loved – but now we lie
In Flanders Field
Take up our quarrel with the foe!
To you from falling hands we throw
The torch, Be yours to bear it high!
If ye break faith with us who die
We shall not sleep tho’ poppies blow
In Flanders Field.
The Answer –
In Flanders Field the cannon boom
And fitful flashes light the gloom;
While up above, like Eagles, fly
The fierce destroyers of the sky;
With stains the earth wherein you lie
Is redder than the poppy bloom
In Flanders Field.
Sleep on ye brave! The shrieking shell,
The quaking trench, the startling yell,
The fury of the battle hell
Shall wake you not; for all is well.
Sleep peacefully, for all is well.
Your flaming torch aloft we bear,
With burning heart an oath we swear
To keep the faith to fight it through
To crush the foe, or sleep with
In exchange, the United States pledged to avoid involvement in the political affairs of Europe, such as the ongoing Greek struggle for independence from the Ottoman Empire, and not to interfere in the existing European colonies already in the Americas.
The answer is European colonies that are already existing in the Americans.
He wanted to build up the nation's army and navy is the statement among the statements given in the question that was one of the policy changes Thomas Jefferson made when he became president. The correct option among all the options given in the question is the last option or option "D".
I think that the reason why Federal Government attempted to return domestic policy back to the states is because of efficiency.
It is more efficient to delegate powers to the states to deal with issues and conflicts within the states because state leaders can see firsthand on what these issues are and can immediately propose and act on solutions to resolve these issues.
There are 52 states in the U.S. of A and the Federal Government can only decide on laws that can be good for all. They can't individually monitor these states to see whether the laws are implemented as it should be. Thus, they need to delegate powers to the state to act in their behalf at the same time acting for the benefit of the people living in the state.
<u>Answer:</u>
Ming Emperors attempt to improve the safety of the northern parts of the Empire by restoring parts of the Great Wall of China.
Option: (A)
<u>Explanation:
</u>
- The Ming Empire that ruled between the "fourteenth and the seventeenth century" had come to power after defeating the Huns in the north.
- The reason that the Mings succeeded in keeping their empire away from the hands of their enemies was that they took great measures to protect the frontiers of their empire.
- One such measure was of using a tremendous amount of building material to build the "northern part" of the "Great Wall of China" to be able to defend the Mongols on the other side.
