Question

According to behaviorists, _____ may play a key role in substance-use disorders because the temporary reduction of tension or raising of spirits produced by a drug has a rewarding effect, thus increasing the likelihood that the user will seek this reaction again.

Answer 1

Answer:

According to behaviorists, operant conditioning may play a key role in substance-use disorders because the temporary reduction of tension or raising of spirits produced by a drug has a rewarding effect, thus increasing the likelihood that the user will seek this reaction again.

Explanation:

Operant conditioning is a learning process in which behaviour is sensitive to controlled by its consequences. It is also known as instrumental conditioning. It has following steps :

1) Positive reinforcement

2) Negative reinforcement

3) Punishment

4) Extinction

Example : Rats injected for 10 days with low dose nicotine exhibited reduced time to initiate food responding during a lever-press task,

O.C:Nicotine enhances the reward of food and the motoric activity associated with operant responding.

Similarly, Rats pretreated for 5 days with amphetamine prior to reward training showed an enhanced response to the sucrose delivering lever-press,

O.C Amphetamine delivery imbues an enhanced state of reward-associative learning in operant conditioning.

It can explain how process of addiction develops and is maintained without conscious choice or awareness and why addicts experience conflict when they try to abstain. It also explains why many addicts report a decrease in other drives like eating. Addiction creates drives that are hard to satisfy therefore takes priority over other drives.

Answer 2

Answer: OPERANT CONDITIONING

Explanation: OPERANT conditioning otherwise known as instrumental conditioning is a type of associative learning process that focuses on rewards and punishments for behavior,this is done through operant conditioning creating an association between a behavior and the consequence of that behavior.

Operant conditioning aims at strengthening or diminishing behaviors using some sort of reinforcer or punisher.

The idea of operant conditioning was first discovered by Edward Thorndike, and analyzed by B.F. Skinner.

There are five basic processes/principles involved in operant conditioning,they are; positive and negative reinforcement strengthen behavior; punishment, response cost, and extinction weaken behavior.

There are four types of reinforcement: positive, negative, punishment, and extinction.