The ultimate economic burden of a tax is best captured by the effective tax rate, which is the average rate at which an individual is taxed on earned income or at which a corporation is taxed on profits before tax.
The principle of revenue recognition occurs when the revenue is realized or earned either cash is received or not and it also serves the accounting accrual basis. Realizable also means that the buyer gets the product but the payment is made afterward.
There were two transactions omitted. The first transaction is unearned rent revenue of which $450 was earned. This earned rent revenue increases income by $450. While the second transaction was accrued interest payable of which $275 is owed. This interest payable increases liabilities by $275.
Therefore, from the above, income or revenue is understated by $450, while expenses is understated by $275.
Therefore, net income is understated by income less expenses, thus 450 - 275 = $175. This also implies that liabilities are overstated by $175.
We discount the future two year dividends at the required rate of return
and solve for the present value of the infinite series of dividends growing at 3.6% with the dividend grow model:
PV 33.6
Then we discount this by the two years ahead of time these cashflow start and add them to get the PV of the stock which is their intrinsic market value