Hydrogen, Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, Caesium, Francium
Egypt, paskistan, central asia, north africa, india, indonesia, and sudan
In the early 17th century Galileo was indeed convicted of heresy because he claimed that Earth revolved around the Sun. This conviction was an example of an religiously motivated conviction of someone who had the best intentions in mind in the sense of mankind achieving greater knowledge.
That would be the principal of federalism
Well, before the renaissance people of all ranks were able to just read the bible. Serious studies were saved for men only and thought to be unnecessary to women and harmful to a women's weaker mind