DNA is essentially a storage molecule. It contains all of the instructions a cell needs to sustain itself. These instructions are found within genes, which are sections of DNA made up of specific sequences of nucleotides. In order to be implemented, the instructions contained within genes must be expressed, or copied into a form that can be used by cells to produce the proteins needed to support life.
The instructions stored within DNA are read and processed by a cell in two steps: transcription and translation. Each of these steps is a separate biochemical process involving multiple molecules. During transcription, a portion of the cell's DNA serves as a template for creation of an RNA molecule. (RNA, or ribonucleic acid, is chemically similar to DNA, except for three main differences described later on in this concept page.) In some cases, the newly created RNA molecule is itself a finished product, and it serves an important function within the cell. In other cases, the RNA molecule carries messages from the DNA to other parts of the cell for processing. Most often, this information is used to manufacture proteins. The specific type of RNA that carries the information stored in DNA to other areas of the cell is called messenger RNA, or mRNA.
How does transcription proceed?
Transcription begins when an enzyme called RNA polymerase attaches to the DNA template strand and begins assembling a new chain of nucleotides to produce a complementary RNA strand. There are multiple types of types of RNA. In eukaryotes, there are multiple types of RNA polymerase which make the various types of RNA. In prokaryotes, a single RNA polymerase makes all types of RNA. Generally speaking, polymerases are large enzymes that work together with a number of other specialized cell proteins. These cell proteins, called transcription factors, help determine which DNA sequences should be transcribed and precisely when the transcription process should occur.
The surface tension of a liquid results from an imbalance of intermolecular attractive forces, the cohesive forces between molecules: A molecule in the bulk liquid experiences cohesive forces with other molecules in all directions. A molecule at the surface of a liquid experiences only net inward cohesive forces.
Answer:
This tool is divided into three sections representing the principles in the Medication practice standard: authority, competence, and safety.
Explanation:
Rights of Medication Administration
1. Right patient
- Check the name of the order and the patient.
- Use 2 identifiers.
- Ask patient to identify himself/herself.
2. Right medication
- Check the medication label.
- Check the order.
3. Right dose
- Check the order.
- Confirm the appropriateness of the dose using a current drug reference.
4. Right route
- Again, check the order and appropriateness of the route ordered.
- Confirm that the patient can take or receive the medication by the ordered route.
5. Right time
- Check the frequency of the ordered medication.
- Double-check that you are giving the ordered dose at the correct time.
- Confirm when the last dose was given.
6. Right documentation
- Document administration AFTER giving the ordered medication.
- Chart the time, route, and any other specific information as necessary.
7. Right reason
- Confirm the rationale for the ordered medication. What is the patient’s history? Why is he/she taking this medication?
8. Right response
- Make sure that the drug led to the desired effect. If an antihypertensive was given, has his/her blood pressure improved?
- Does the patient verbalize improvement in depression while on an antidepressant?
Answer:
The correct answer is A. Substrate-level phosphorylation
Explanation:
During the substrate-level phosphorylation, phosphoryl group is directly added to ADP or GDP to form ATP or GTP from phosphorylated intermediate rather than from inorganic phosphate like in case of oxidative phosphorylation.
So in glycolysis 4 ATP are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation. Apart from the 4 ATP, 2NADH are also produced during the glycolysis which is used during the oxidative phosphorylation and produce 4-6 ATP.
So ATP made during glycolysis is generated by substrate-level phosphorylation as ATP is produced by direct addition of phosphoryl group from intermediates.
