How do invertebrates and animals without a specific immune system defend against invaders?

1 answer:

5 0

Animals with non specific defenses against invaders use physical barriers, protein defenses, cellular defenses, inflammation, and fever.
Physical barriers include skin and mucous membranes, and secretions separate the organism from its environment. Proteins that protect the body non specifically includes the complement protein found in the blood, when they bind to an invader they stimulate inflammation, phagocytosis, and destruction of the invaders membranes. The others include, inflammation, fever and cellular defenses.

You might be interested in

The renal corpuscle includes which parts of the nephron?

saw5 [17]

the renal corpuscle includes : c. glomerulus and bowman's capsule They're the tube like component which became a part of nphron inside the kidney of Mammals which took part in the filtration process of blood to form urine, which later will be excreted out from our body since it no longer contain the substance that our body need

4 0

3 years ago

Why are the geochemical and biogeochemical cycles so important? A.Keeps volcanoes from erupting so often. B.Maintains oil deposi

AleksAgata [21]

C) would be the answer. I just did a test w/ this question and I picked C) and got !00%

4 0

3 years ago

Read 2 more answers

*Fill in the blank*

Gekata [30.6K]

The noncyclic pathway is a FLOW of electrons from water, to photosystem II, to PHOTOSYSTEM I to NADPH. Energy is released as ELECTRONS move through the first electron transfer chain. This energy pumps HYDROGEN IONS into the thylakoid compartment, and then they power the formation of ATP as they flow back out. Sunlight provides the energy needed to keep this cycle going.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Luminous energy is trapped by chlorophyll in Photosystem II.
When the pigment molecules absorb light, electrons provided by water molecules get in a higher energy level.
The excited electrons go through the electron transport chain from Photosystem II to a less energetic level in photosystem I.
When the excited electrons leave photosystem II, they are replaced by new electrons extracted from the water molecules.
Luminous energy absorbed move the electrons from the photosystem I to another electron acceptor, from where they get transported again and used to produce NADPH molecules.
When electrons leave Photosystem I, they are replaced by new electrons coming from photosystem II.
When the water molecule breaks down, hydrogen ions remain in the thylakoid lumen, from where they are pumped to the stroma by the ATP synthase.
The released energy is used to produce ATP molecules.
Hydrogen ions go back from the stroma to the thylakoid compartment.