Well, first off the spongy mesophyll does have some chloroplasts, however they are located quite far from the surface of the leaf where most of the chloroplasts are. Therefore they don't get much light and don't contribute a lot to photosynthesis in the leaf. So why should the leaf waste the energy in making chloroplasts if there is not enough light to make them all efficient enough at photosynthesis?
Answer:
Since high ethanol is a major stress during ethanol fermentation, ethanol-tolerant yeast strains are highly desirable for ethanol production on an industrial scale. A technology called global transcriptional machinery engineering (gTME), which exploits a mutant SPT15 library that encodes the TATA-binding protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Alper et al., 2006; Science 314: 1565-1568), appears to be a powerful tool. to create ethanol tolerant strains. However, the ability of the strains created to tolerate high ethanol content in rich media remains to be demonstrated. In this study, a similar strategy was used to obtain five strains with higher ethanol tolerance (ETS1-5) of S. cerevisiae. When comparing the global transcriptional profiles of two selected strains ETS2 and ETS3 with that of the control, 42 genes that were commonly regulated with a double change were identified. Of the 34 deletion mutants available in an inactivated gene library, 18 were sensitive to ethanol, suggesting that these genes were closely associated with tolerance to ethanol.
Explanation:
Eight of them were novel and most were functionally unknown. To establish a basis for future industrial applications, the iETS2 and iETS3 strains were created by integrating the SPT15 mutant alleles of ETS2 and ETS3 into the chromosomes, which also exhibited increased tolerance to ethanol and survival after ethanol shock in a rich medium. Fermentation with 20% glucose for 24 h in a bioreactor revealed that iETS2 and iETS3 grew better and produced approximately 25% more ethanol than a control strain. The performance and productivity of ethanol also improved substantially: 0.31 g / g and 2.6 g / L / h, respectively, for the control and 0.39 g / g and 3.2 g / L / h, respectively, for iETS2 and iETS3.
Therefore, our study demonstrates the utility of gTME in generating strains with increased tolerance to ethanol that resulted in increased ethanol production. Strains with increased tolerance to other stresses such as heat, fermentation inhibitors, osmotic pressure, etc., can be further created using gTME.
Answer:
Incorrects:
Claim 1: When forests are cleared, we take away an opportunity to remove carbon from the atmosphere.
Claim 2: Carbon moves through biological systems and returns to the atmosphere through photosynthesis.
Claim 3: The amount of carbon involved in rapid cycling is much less than 1 percent of the total amount of carbon on Earth.
Explanation:
- The carbon contained in forest products makes a small and manageable contribution to the global carbon balance. Globally, the net effect on atmospheric concentration is negligible, unless the rate of decomposition in geographically displaced product stocks is different from that in the forest ecosystem from which it was removed. However, controlling these rates through proper management can lead to some degree of mitigation of increases in atmospheric CO2.
- During the carbon cycle, animals and plants release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere through cellular respiration, and plants capture carbon dioxide through photosynthesis.
- The amount of carbon involved in rapid cycling it is the largest since it includes the carbon exchange between living beings, and is intertwined with the carbon cycle through long-term geological processes
The Energy-Requiring Steps of Glycolysis. In the first half of glycolysis, energy in the form of two ATP molecules is required to transform glucose into two three-carbon molecules.
Answer:
initially, collects in the structure indicated by the letter B
Explanation:
Filtrate is formed as fluid is forced through the walls of the glomerulus and, initially, collects in the structure indicated by the letter B.
Urine formed by a kidney collects in the renal pelvis before being drained from the kidney by the urethra and transported to the urinary bladder.
The process by which glomerulus filtration occurs is called renal ultrafiltration. The force of hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus (the force of pressure exerted from the pressure of the blood vessel itself) is the driving force that pushes filtrate out of the capillaries and into the slits in the nephron.
