This is of course a very complex question that does not have a definitive answer, but 1850s would be a good decade to start counting as "Modern". This was a decade of the telegraph and Darwin's The Origin of Species.
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An employee is engaged in job crafting when they are able to redefine their jobs in a proactive way and alter the boundaries of their job.
Job crafting is a personal driven process that is involved with work design. Here, a person would initiate proactive means that would enable them to change the features of their jobs.
This person would change the characteristics of his job in order to have it align with their own personal goals, ambitions and skills.
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Answer: Justification of effort
Explanation:
Justification of effort is a phenomenon whereby people view a goal or endpoint as beneficial and more favorable, if they worked hard or put more effort into achieving it. Justification of effort makes the goal to appear more attractive, worthwhile and justifies the effort put into accomplishing the goal. Effort justification helps in increasing attraction and commitment to a goal, group cohesion and stability are enhanced, effort justification is likely to increase persistence at tasks that are not altogether pleasant, especially when such tasks are seen as chosen.
