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The Black Death, also known as the Pestilence, the Great Bubonic Plague, the Great Plague or the Plague, or less commonly the Great Mortality or the Black Plague, was the most devastating pandemic recorded in human history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 75 to 200 million people in Eurasia, peaking in Europe from 1347 to 1351.[1][2][3] The bacterium Yersinia pestis, which results in several forms of plague (septicemic, pneumonic and, the most common, bubonic), is believed to have been the cause.[4] The Black Death was the first major European outbreak of plague and the second plague pandemic.[5] The plague created a number of religious, social and economic upheavals, with profound effects on the course of European history.

The Black Death probably originated in Central Asia or East Asia,[6][7][8][9][10] from where it travelled along the Silk Road, reaching Crimea by 1343.[11] From there, it was most likely carried by fleas living on the black rats that traveled on Genoese merchant ships, spreading throughout the Mediterranean Basin, reaching the rest of Europe via the Italian Peninsula.

The Black Death is estimated to have killed 30% to 60% of Europe's population.[12] In total, the plague may have reduced the world population from an estimated 475 million to 350–375 million in the 14th century.[13] It took 200 years for Europe's population to recover to its previous level,[14] and some regions (such as Florence) only recovered by the 19th century.[15][16][17] Outbreaks of the plague recurred until the early 20th century.

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