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Answer:
<h2>The power of judicial review</h2>
Explanation/context:
Judicial review refers to the Supreme Court's ability to review any law to see if it violates the US Constitution. Marbury v. Madison (1803) is considered the landmark case for the Supreme Court asserting its authority of judicial review.
It was sort of a roundabout way in which the principle of judicial review was asserted by the Supreme Court in the case of Marbury v. Madison. William Marbury had been appointed Justice of the Peace for the District of Columbia by outgoing president John Adams -- one of a number of such last-minute appointments made by Adams. When Thomas Jefferson came into office as president, he directed his Secretary of State, James Madison, not to deliver many of the commission papers for appointees such as Marbury. Marbury petitioned the Supreme Court directly to hear his case, as a provision of the Judiciary Act of 1789 had made possible. The Court said that particular provision of the Judiciary Act was in conflict with Article III of the Constitution, and so they could not issue a specific ruling in Marbury's case (which they believe he should have won). Nevertheless, in making their statement about the case, the Court established the principle of judicial review.
Gupta empires achievements
<span>During the Gupta time, education included grammar, composition, logic, metaphysics, mathematics, medicine, and astronomy which became highly specialized and reached an advanced level. </span>
<span>Architecture - Gupta architecture marked the epoch in the creation of a number of stone temples dedicated to the various Hindu gods. Additionally, Buddhists also built shrines to house the remains of select holy people. These structures were called ‘Stupas.’ This form of architecture made its way to China where it was altered slightly and renamed the ‘pagoda.’ </span>
The Parvati temple at Nachana, the temple of Bhitaragaon, the Vishnu temple at Tigawa, the Shiva temple at Bhumara and the Dasavatara temple at Deogarh are some of the landmark examples of the Gupta style of temple architecture. Apart from all this, there were a number of secular architectures also which, however, could not be maintained.
<span>Arithmetic - Beginning with arithmetic, the Indian numeral system which is many times wrongly contributes to the Arabs, who took it from India to Europe where it replaced the Roman system along with the decimal system which are in fact pure Indian inventions of this period. This is the number writing system used throughout the world today. </span>
<span>Further, Scholars of this period include Varahamihira and Aryabhata, who is believed to be the first to come up with the concept of zero and also developed the decimal system based on the number 10. They also created a number writing system that was later adopted by the Islamic Empire. </span>
<span>Astronomy - In the field of Astronomy also, it was scholars like Varahamihira and Aryabhata who believed that the Earth revolved around the Moon. They also made a detailed study about solar and lunar eclipses. Aryabhata, a noted mathematician-astronomer of the Gupta period proposed that the earth is not flat, but is instead round and rotates about its own axis. </span>
<span>He further also discovered that the Moon and planets shine by reflected sunlight. Instead of the prevailing cosmogony in which eclipses were caused by pseudo-planetary nodes Rahu and Ketu, he explained eclipses in terms of shadows cast by and falling on Earth. </span>
Aryabhatta's expositions on astronomy in 499, moreover, gave calculations of the solar year and the shape and movement of astral bodies with remarkable accuracy. These and the other scientific discoveries made by Indians during this period about gravity and the planets of the solar system spread throughout the world through trade.
<span>Medicine - In medicine, Gupta physicians developed herbal remedies to treat various illnesses. They also developed a form of plastic surgery for the treatment of facial injuries. Physicians vaccinated against smallpox, a practice later used in China around the10th century and in Europe in the 17th century. </span>
<span>Charaka and Sushruta wrote about a fully evolved system, which resembled the works e of Hippocrates and Galen in Greece. Although progress in physiology and biology was hindered by various religious injunctions as according to various beliefs contact with dead bodies was highly discourages due to which scientific dissection and anatomy could not be practiced. </span>
<span>Indian physicians excelled in pharmacopoeia, caesarean section, bone setting, and skin grafting. Doctors also invented several medical instruments, and even performed operations. </span>
<span>Arts and Literature - Kalidasa, who was a great playwright, and who wrote several plays such as Shakuntala, which is said to have inspired Goethe, and also marked the highest point of Sanskrit literature is also said to have belonged to this period. </span>
Games – The game of Chess is also believed to have been originated in this period, where its early form in the 6th century was known as caturanga, meaning the "four divisions [of the military]" – infantry, cavalry, elephants, and chariotry – represented by the pieces that would evolve into the modern pawn, knight, bishop, and rook, respectively.
<span>Government – Unlike the Mauryan counterparts, the Gupta government was a highly decentralized one with the king at the top of the hierarchical structure. The entire territory was divided into different provinces with a Viceroy who was appointed to look after the entire administration. </span>
<span>Philosophy – The field of philosophy also attained great levels during the rule of the Guptas. The main focus in philosophy was to achieve certain ends of higher life which was the life of the spirit. The principle of Moksha or salvation was widely practiced and taught. Apart from this, there also emerged the concept of ‘Mimasa’ which implied the reasoning which has to be adopted in order to understand the hint of a particular word or sentence. </span>
Answer:
B. Because private businesses cannot make money by providing public good
Explanation:
