England had been following a policy called "salutary neglect", but then began enforcing taxes to help pay for the French and Indian War.
With the conquests of the Caliphates, the Muslims managed to take control over multiple regions. One of those regions was North Africa, where in Egypt, in the city of Alexandria there were millions of books with scientific and philosophical themes. It was the center of knowledge of the world in that time.
The Muslims unfortunately destroyed most of the books from the antiquity, and only few were preserved. Thus few though got into the hands of Muslim scholars that were interested in science and philosophy. They read them carefully and started to base their researches on them, making significant progress and discovering multiple things. By preserving these few books, and also upgrading on their basis, helped to preserve at least some part of the ancient knowledge, which later was reintroduced in its place of origin, Europe.
<span>Gutenberg was instrumental in changing the speed at which the worldcommunicated. Prior to Gutenberg adding several changes together, to wind upwith his version of the 'printing press'. There were several 'ideas' thatpreceded him. The first advance was the use of block letters in a fixed frame,Then came the idea of moving the paper into and out of the press. Finally, wasthe use of a molton metal (Lead-tin Mixture) that allowed for the Type Patternto be recycled for every letter that was needed. The copying by hand , theprevious editions of 'the book', was a laborious process that required manyhands to copy out the text onto linen 'pages', and to make sure that what waswritten ,was accurate. [errors did crop in ocassionally]. Finally the scribeswere very upset when Gutenberg was able to reproduce texts faster than anyscribe was able to set about copying a volume of 100 pages or so(The Boook of.....) So while it would take up to 6 months to finish one copy of a book,Gutenberg was able to produce hundreds in 6-8weeks time. He was vilified in thelocal village gossip for causing the scribes to loose their work, but he felt itwas his christian duty to promote this 'invention' for everyone. In somerespects the church was not happy,but in others the church elders were happythat he donated time to spreading the word(s) of those books. AS the Book ofthe BIBLE was able to be reproduced in larger and larger quantities Gutenbergwas able to bring the costs down. SO as the costs became less, then more andmore people were able to afford (or were giver a copy aspart of their 'NEW lifetogether' as in a Marriage, then the copies were handed down through thegenerations. This enabled more people top read the books of the Bible.</span>
Galileo Galilei developed a stronger telescope and was able to prove that Ptolemy's theories about the moon were wrong.
Simply put, by coercion.
There was a very simple process that followed:
(1) the Red Army invades the countries, on the pretext of "liberating" them - this gives a plausible veneer to a treacherous end;
(2) whilst occupying, Soviet commissars would prop up the local communist party (typically, enjoying only minimal support from the country's population, unless also nationalist) - this is so as to have a puppet regime-in-waiting;
(3) under Soviet occupation, typically some sort of a "referendum" or "plebiscite" will be held, at which SUDDENLY the voters will "decide" to abolish the previous constitution and to enact one that practically gives sole powers to the local communists - this is to give the effective coup d'etat a veneer of legitimacy;
(4) once installed in power, the communist party will effectively take over the machinery of state by staffing all key posts with its members;
(5) through the use of secret police and kangaroo courts, opposition, incl. those of the original governing class who did not have the good sense to escape, will be physically eliminated, sentenced to long prison terms, exiled, otherwise incarcerated;
(6) a the takeover of the state is usually followed by a takeover, through nationalisation or outright confiscation, of the economy, giving the regime financial muscle;
<span>(7) the established position will be upheld by the same means it was acquired and with unparalleled degree of ruthlessness, with the country taken over being treated as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Kremlin Holdings.</span>
