<span>A. transformation is the answer </span>
Bio-geographic isolation is the separation of part/a whole species due to either biological or geographical reasons.
Biological could be lack of food, or a more preferable source of food somewhere else, etc. Geographical could be rivers, oceans, mountains, etc.
General paradigms of species extinction risk are urgently needed as global habitat loss and rapid climate change threaten Earth with what could be its sixth mass extinction. Using the stony coral Lophelia pertusa as a model organism with the potential for wide larval dispersal, we investigated how the global ocean conveyor drove an unprecedented post-glacial range expansion in Earth׳s largest biome, the deep sea. We compiled a unique ocean-scale dataset of published radiocarbon and uranium-series dates of fossil corals, the sedimentary protactinium–thorium record of Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) strength, authigenic neodymium and lead isotopic ratios of circulation pathways, and coral biogeography, and integrated new Bayesian estimates of historic gene flow. Our compilation shows how the export of Southern Ocean and Mediterranean waters after the Younger Dryas 11.6 kyr ago simultaneously triggered two dispersal events in the western and eastern Atlantic respectively. Each pathway injected larvae from refugia into ocean currents powered by a re-invigorated AMOC that led to the fastest postglacial range expansion ever recorded, covering 7500 <span>km in under 400 years. In addition to its role in modulating global climate, our study illuminates how the ocean conveyor creates broad geographic ranges that lower extinction risk in the deep sea.</span>
Explanation:
Epipelagic zone, the topmost at the surface of the oceans receives most of the sunlight and most penetrating light rays diffuse in this layer. The temperatures at this zone, therefore, is warmer than zones below. This zone has lowest water pressure becaue there is little water column above it.
The deeper you get into the water the penetration of sunlight decreases. This is because the rays are greatly diffused even before they get to the deepest zones. The abyssalpelagic zone virtually receives no sunlight because the rays cannot get to this zone. This zone is, therefore, pitch dark and also the coldest. The deeper you get into the ocean the higher the water pressure due to the weight of the able water column. The water pressure is, therefore, highest in the abyssalpelagic zone.
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Answer:
Excess nutrients from fertilizer runoff
Explanation:
The nutrients can create bacteria for the algae
