Historically, the caliphates were polities based on Islam which developed into multi-ethnic trans-national empires. During the medieval period, three major caliphates succeeded each other: the Rashidun Caliphate (632–661), the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750), and the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258).
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The Brahmanism was the the very first phase of what is now known as Hindusim. It was a religion of priests/Brahmans who would perform Vedic sacrifice. So, they were the first Hindu priests to adopt the rituals from the Vedic. The post-Vedic Hinduism accepts the doctrine of Karma.