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The ironic law of oligarchy was introduced by <em>Robert Michels</em> and introduced to be<em> </em><em>applicable to all the groups of polity.</em>
Answer: Option B
<u>Explanation:</u>
The ironic law of oligarchy represented the theme, of oligarchy postulating through the thought that the <em>political growth in the organization</em> can be achieved through generation of hierarchy.
The hierarchy is believed to <em>achieve the growth by its own</em> and maintaining its very own elite class of leadership. The theory thus formed was not scientifically tested, or argued upon mining metals, nor was this applicable to capitalists only.
She faced great difficulties mainly with the members of court who didn't think she belonged as a ruler and spread gossip to try and bring her down.
The correct answer is A) Pan-Africanism failed to achieve its most important objectives.
The conclusion that is supported by the fact that Africa was divided into many small, independent states following the end of European colonial control of the continent is "Pan-Africanism failed to achieve its most important objectives.
During the Berlin Conference of February 26, 1885, leaders of superpower nations in Europe met to split African countries, creating new borders. Only two countries were left untouched: Ethiopia and Liberia. The British colonized South Africa, Kenya, Egypt, Tanzania, Sierra Leone, Nigeria, and Uganda. The French kept Senegal, Mauritania, Ivory Coast, Gabon, and Chad. Germany kept Namibia, Togo, and Cameroon. Portugal kept Mozambique and Angola. And Spain kept Morocco.