Before the election of 1912, there were actually two major parties that fought the elections. There were also a few small parties in thiose elections that were quiet insignificant. before the 1912 elections, the Republican party split into two parts and one of the section named it the Progressive party. They both carried certain amount of votes. This splitting actually helped the Democrats. Although at that time the Democrats did not have any chance of winning the presidential elections, but the splitting of the Republican Party helped them to win the election of 1912.
The 1950s was a time of widespread fear and anxiety - the two great powers, the USA and the USSR, were held together in M.A.D. (Mutually Assured Distruction), thanks to the US dropping the two nuclear bombs on Japan, fascinating Soviet scientists into developing their own Nuclear weapons program.
Joseph McCarthy, a US Senator from Wisconsin from 1947 until his death in 1957, played a huge role in establishing a sense of uneasiness and paranoia among Americans in the 1950s, at the possibility of spies lurking within society. Individuals became more individualistic, and trusted authorities less and less - domestic crimes, for example, were often solves by individuals rather than these individuals requesting help from the police. Actors, those in the entertainment industry as a whole, and politicians were by far the most targeted by McCarthy's policies of kidnapping, torturing and extracting information, if there was a suspicion that those being kidnapped were in fact Soviet spies. The overwhelming majority were not, but there were still a handful that were. The government of the USA attempted to hide the innocent victims of these kidnappings, but were not very successful, and as such, individuals became extremely weary of authorities.
To sum up:
- Cold War begins, USA and USSR battle each other with espionage and intelligence rather than all-out warfare
- American government becomes increasing suspicious of spies within Entertainment industry and internal politics
- These paranoia-inducing policies were widely unsuccessful, and as such, fermented distrust for authorities within American society, and among societies of American allies, who were also suspicious of spying.
If you need further information, a quick search of McCarthyism or the 1950s social context of America should help.
The Phoenicians imported so much papyrus from Egypt that the Greeks used their name for the first great Phoenician port, Byblos, to refer to the ancient paper. The name Bible, or "the book," also derives from Byblos. Today, Spencer Wells says, "Phoenicians have become ghosts, a vanished civilization."
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This is because of the phrase “laid and levied by the legislatures of the several states”.
