Answer:
The presence of a larger proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in membranes imparts them fluidity at lower temperatures as required to maintain their normal functioning.
Explanation:
The proportion of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids in membranes regulates their fluidity. At lower temperatures, membranes become more rigid. To maintain their normal fluidity, the proportion of the unsaturated fatty acids in membranes is increased. The unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds in their hydrocarbon tails which in turn do not allow their tight packing and impart fluidity to the membrane core.
At higher temperatures, membranes become more fluid and therefore, the proportion of the unsaturated fatty acids is reduced. The tissues of reindeer at the body's extremities such as those near hooves are exposed to surroundings and thereby, lose heat and have lower temperatures. To maintain the fluidity of membranes, the cells of these tissues incorporate more of the unsaturated fatty acids in their membranes as compared to the tissues in the upper legs where the body temperature is relatively higher.
"The liver produces bile which emulsifies fats i.e. breaks them down into small droplets for a larger surface area. This will increase the rate at which the fat is digested by lipase. Bile also neutralizes the acid produced by the stomach to provide ideal alkaline conditions for enzymes in the small intestine."
Monoclonal antibodies are made by the fusion of cells of the immune system with B lymphocytes and myeloma cells.
<h3>What is Hybridoma technology?</h3>
- It is one of the best technologies that is used to produce the monoclonal antibody.
- In this hybridoma technology the B lymphocytes that are antibody producing are isolated from a source after the immunization with a specific antigen and then are fused with myeloma cell line to form hybrid cells that are also called as hybridoma cell lines.
- The hybridoma cell lines are then cultured in the laboratory with specific antigen and then the monoclonal antibodies are produced.
- This can be done in in-vivo or in-vitro condition.
- This method is preferred over all because the production of antibodies by this method is good as the antibodies produced are of high purity and highly sensitive and specific.
- These cell lines can also be preserved for a long time.
- Hybridoma technology has resulted in production of different varieties of monoclonal antibodies with specificity with specific antigens as the monoclonal antibodies are produced by single parental B cells.
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Answer:
B. involuntary activities
Answer:
The pH remains constant
Explanation:
The pH value of Mitochondrial matrix = 7.8 while the pH of the intermembrane space of the mitochondria = 7.0–7.4
The presence of the hydrogen atoms makes the mitochondrial matrix acidic and hence reduced the pH value but the pH of inner and outer matrix is maintained equal to each other thus as the H+ ion increases, the base concentration increases thereby pushing H+ to the inter membrane space and hence producing ATP.
