That refers to the authority a higher court has to accept an appeal of a decision that a lower court judge made. That's constantly used when people aren't satisfied with the decision a judge made and try to get a better outcome by appealing.
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In effect, the third Estate was that of the peasents, while the other two estates represented the clergy and the other nobility, and therefore the absolute monarchy responsible for all this, together with the simbols of the oppression, such as the "Bastille" which was a jail in Paris.
By 1774, the year leading up to the Revolutionary War, trouble was brewing in America. Parliament (England's Congress) had been passing laws placing taxes on the colonists in America. There had been the Sugar Act in 1764, the Stamp Act the following year, and a variety of other laws that were meant to get money from the colonists for Great Britain. The colonists did not like these laws.
Great Britain was passing these laws because of the French and Indian War, which had ended in 1763. That war, which had been fought in North America, left Great Britain with a huge debt that had to be paid. Parliament said it had fought the long and costly war to protect its American subjects from the powerful French in Canada. Parliament said it was right to tax the American colonists to help pay the bills for the war
Most Americans disagreed. They believed that England had fought the expensive war mostly to strengthen its empire and increase its wealth, not to benefit its American subjects. Also, Parliament was elected by people living in England, and the colonists felt that lawmakers living in England could not understand the colonists' needs. The colonists felt that since they did not take part in voting for members of Parliament in England they were not represented in Parliament. So Parliament did not have the right to take their money by imposing taxes. "No taxation without representation" became the American rallying cry.
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The Revolution, according to this view "became as much a war against the colonial aristocracy as a war for independence." Economic and social interpretations of the Revolution were widely accepted during the Great Depression of the 1930s.
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