Answer; 
Low birth weight.
One of the most consistent and best documented effects of cigarette smoking during pregnancy is low birth weight. 
Explanation;
Smoking during pregnancy has various effects on the fetus, causing a baby to be born early or to have low birth weight which makes it more likely for the baby to get sick and stay in the hospital longer.
Additionally; smoking during and after pregnancy is a risk factor of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome.
 
        
             
        
        
        
The answer would be E because boys inherit the Y chromosome from the dad which in this case would have the color blind trait. Girls don’t get the y from the father to get the color blind trait not be color blind because girls have 2 (X) chromosomes. Hope this helps
        
             
        
        
        
A form of asexual reproduction of a plant. Only 1 plant is involved and the offspring is the result of the 1 parent. It is genetically identical to the parent.
        
             
        
        
        
<u>Answer</u>:- Active transport 
<u>Explanation</u>:-
There are two types of membrane transports
1. Passive transport - this type of transport occurs without the input of any energy and the molecules move along the concentration gradients that is from <em>high concetration to low concentration.</em>
2. Active transport- this type of transport takes place to move the molecules against the concentration gradient that is from <em>low concentration to high concentration.</em>
<em>The active transport is of two types:</em>
1. <em>Primary active transport-</em> in this type of transport <em>ATP</em> is used as an energy source to move the substances against the concentration gradient.
2.<em>Secondary active transport</em> - in this type of transport the gradient formed by the active transport is utilized and it involves the movement of 2 substances at a time aross the membrane. That is the movement of one molecule is coupled to another.
- The membrane proteins that are associated with active transport are called as <em>carrier proteins</em>. These proteins have a binding site for the molecules that they transport. Once they bind to the specific molecules, a conformation change is induced and this leads to the transport of the molecule across the membrane.
So, the <em>active transport is basically responsible for utilizing the energy from ATP and carrier proteins to move the substances across the membrane against their concentration gradient i.e. from low concentration to high concentration.</em>