Explanation:
Cell size and growth is largely limited by cellular transport and exchange mechanisms. These aid in moving substances crucial to cellular growth processes, such as signal molecules and proteins, across membranes, where they diffuse across the cytoplasm. The rate of diffusion is higher when the surface area to volume ratio is higher, thus more substances efficiently reach the membrane allowing for cell growth and expansion.
Further Explanation:
Cells require all substances to cross the cell membrane. These, only allow some molecules to pass across the membrane or surface. Cell membranes contain lipids which form a barrier; polarity or arrangement can give these non-polar macromolecules hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties.
Via diffusion, small water molecules can move across the phospholipid bilayer acts as a semi-permeable membrane into the extracellular fluid or the cytoplasm which are both hydrophilic and contain large concentrations of polar water molecules or other water-soluble compounds. The hydrophilic heads of the bilayer are attracted to water while their water-repellent hydrophobic tails face towards each other- allowing molecules of water and water soluble molecules, to diffuse across the membrane along the concentration gradient
However as cells increase in size, their surface area:volume ratios decrease rapidly; larger cells have a harder time moving molecules across the membrane, as there was less of a permeable surface for solutes to diffuse across. Thus, eukaryotic cells have specialized mechanisms to transport molecules along with membrane-bound organelles, like the endoplasmic reticulum that provide a higher surface area for absorption and enable more efficient transportation.
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