Answer: 4. Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
Explanation:
In June 1978, the Supreme Court declared that affirmative action was legal insofar as racial quotas were not used. The case was brought by a white California man, Allan Bakke who said he had suffered reverse racism as he had higher scores than minority group members but was refused admission because of a University rule that reserved 16% of admission slots for minority groups. The Supreme Court ordered the University to admit Bakkie as using quotas was unconstitutional but also held that race can be used as a valid factor in admissions decisions.
This showed that affirmative action was legal but subject to scrutiny.
Not hypothesis, observation
The correct answer is the fundamental attribution error.
Fundamental attribution error (FAE) refers to the phenomenon in which we attribute others' behavior to their disposition (personality) and their abilities, intelligence and skills (or their lack thereof), while attributing our own behavior to situational factors outside our control (bad weather, a harsh teacher, an unforeseen event, etc.). An instance of FAE is failing an exam. If we fail an exam we are much more likely to attribute it to situational factors (the exam was unfairly hard, the teacher graded it unfairly, etc.). On the other hand if another person fails an exam we are much more likely to attribute it to factors internal to him or her- he/ she did not study hard enough, he/she is not intelligent and is incompetent.
