Answer:
The ATP synthase can be thought of as a type of molecule motor that is powered by the flow of __H+_ through the subunits and __down_ their concentration gradient.
Explanation:
There are two steps for the synthesis of carbohydrates in plants; one is light reaction and other is dark reaction. In light reaction the ATP and NADPH are produced from sunlight and these molecules are utilized for combining the carbon molecules in dark reaction.
Before we discuss chemiosmosis (Mechanism of ATP production) we should know that light reaction takes place in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplast. During the light reaction electrons removed from water are excited by light in photosystem I and photosystem II. These excited electron release the energy while traveling down the electron transport chain which is utilized to pump the H+ ions to stroma from lumen. This build a concentration difference of H+ ions across the membrane.
So when these H+ ions flow from stroma to lumen i.e. higher potential to lower potential they passes through ATP synthase complex. ATP synthase produces the ATP by the phosphorylation of ADP that why mechanism is also referred as Photophosphorylation.
This process is called Cloning. Cloning is the process of producing genetically identical copy of an organism or a cell, which may occur naturally or created in the lab. Naturally it may occur through processes such as asexual reproduction in organisms such as bacteria; where offsprings that are genetically identical to the parent are created. In the above case, it is done artificially to generate identical plants using growth hormones.
Answer: Phylum Basidiomycota .
The typical characteristic of Basidiomycota is the presence of hyphae and filaments.This phylum belongs to the kingdom Fungi.
Mushroom contains the basidium which is a club shaped spore containing organ.This facilitates the process of sexual reproduction.
