1. gerund phrase - the verbal ending in -ing that is used as a noun is called a gerund 2. verb phrase - just a regular verb and all of the words surrounding it 3. adverb phrase - functions the same way as an adverb, which means that it answers questions such as when, where, why, how, etc. 4. participial phrase - although a participle looks the same as a gerund, it is never used as a noun, but rather as an adjective, or adverb
