Thoreau mostly uses imagery to illustrate time in the excerpt. The second sentence is saying that he is in the midst of time/living, and he can "detect how shallow it is," meaning that he is aware that life is short and that the end is inevitable. Thoreau also describes time as being fleeting, but ever-present.
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Answer:
The author's attitude is desperate because the author wrote "Help him up"?
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Answer:
It has no punctuation at the end
He confessed to survive and have a chance to be with his family.