Answer:
Lichens, represented by this symbiotic relationship, are responsible for <u><em>primary succession</em></u> or the establishment of a new site for plant growth.
Explanation:
Primary succession can be described as a type of succession which occurs in areas where there was no form of life before or any form of life had fully been eradicated from those areas. For example, lava flow etc.
Lichens are the species which tend to colonize these lands first and are the pioneer species to be seen during primary succession. They have the capability to grow on rocks and release acids which break down the rocks and converts them into soil.
<span>Social deviance is the breach of social norms, where as Crime is the breach the forms of deviance in which formal penalties are imposed by the society. Also to be considered here is Stigma which the breach of expected norms.</span>
Reliability Example: IQ Test If the same person took the same IQ test multiple times, he or she would receive a different score each time but all the scores would be somewhere near or around the score of 130 (assuming 130 is his or her true intelligence).
The answer is A. Isthmus.
