Answer:
A) Centralization of authority during the Qin dynasty
I believe the answer is: negative reinforcement
Negative reinforcement refers to the type of reinforcement a form of reinforcement that make a subject become uncomfortable to the point where the subject would do some efforts to avoid or eliminate the negative reinforcement (just like the horrendous ding sound)
It looks like a Animal lol?
The life history pattern in which population growth is logistic is called C) equilibrium pattern.