Answer:
The correct choice is ''ion electrochemical gradients''.
Diffusion of ions across membranes through specific ion channels is driven by <u>ion electrochemical gradients</u>.
Explanation:
An electrochemical gradient can be considered as that electrical (electrostatic pressure) and chemical (diffusion) force that determine the movement of molecules and ions across the membrane. This electrochemical gradient, in addition to causing movement of substances through cell membranes, is also a type of potential energy available for the performance of different cellular activities, potential energy called membrane potential.
D. Genetic Engineering
Doesn’t matter if it takes hundreds of years or a couple weeks, if there is an intent to alter the genes of an organism to select for desired traits, it is genetic engineering.
Plasma cells are designed to churn out Antibodies. These are proteins that have a variable region which is complementary ( perfect shape fit) for the virus' antigen and can therefore bind to the antigen, making the virus harmless or tagging it to be consumed by a phagocyte.
Nitrogen is a fundamental element required during the growth and development of any organism.
- Nitrogen is a fundamental chemical element required to synthesize different biomolecules such as nucleic acids (either DNA or RNA) and proteins.
- Amino acids are the bounding blocks of proteins, whereas nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids, and both contain nitrogen.
- All organisms in their growth phase requires nitrogen in order to synthesize these biomolecules (i.e., nucleic acids and proteins).
In conclusion, Nitrogen is a fundamental element required during the growth and development of any organism.
Learn more about nitrogen here:
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Halo, any of a wide range of atmospheric optical phenomena