Answer:
1) The stage of mitosis in which the chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell. >>>> Anaphase
2) forms the ends of the spindle fibers in the cell during mitosis.
>>>>>Centriole.
3) part of a chromosome that attaches to the spindle apparatus during mitosis or meiosis. >>>>>Centromere
4) a structure that forms across the middle of a higher plant cell in telophase; the beginning of a new cell wall which divides the two daughter cells from one another to finish mitosis. >>>>>Cell plate.
5) material in the cell nucleus that carries hereditary information; made up of DNA and various kinds of protein. >>>>>Chromatin.
<span>The ventricles are the part of the heart that are responsible for the pumping action to move blood throughout the body. Therefore, the muscles in the ventricles are much larger and thicker to do their job properly. The atrium only has to pump blood through an open valve (the tricuspid valve) into the right ventricle. There is much less resistance to this flow of blood so much less muscle is needed. </span>
<span>The man has been contracted with pseudo membranous colitis which is the result of taking broad-spectrum antibiotics for an infection caused by a gunshot wound to the abdomen; this is because normal micro biota is wiped by the antibiotics resulting the overgrowth of Clostridium difficile in colon.</span>
Answer:
TNF-alpha is expressed as a homotrimer that exerts its activities through binding to two types of receptors: TNFR1 and TNFR2, which are transmembrane glycoproteins characterized by having an extracellular domain with 4 cysteine-rich domains (CRD 1-4) , each with 3 cysteinecysteine disulfide bonds.
Explanation:
TNF-alpha (Tumor Necrosis Factor), which has the characteristic of being a paracrine signaling ligand, is a pleiotropic cytokine that functions as a mediator of immune regulation, the inflammatory response and apoptosis in some cell types. Receptors in this family are involved, with some exceptions, in juxtacrine signaling; that is, both the ligand and the receptor are membrane proteins with extracellular domains through which signaling is established. The cellular responses promoted by TNF are initiated by its interaction with two different types of cell receptors, the type I receptor (55 kDa) and the type II receptor (75 kDa). Both types of receptors are part of the TNF receptor family, members of which include Fas antigen (apoptosis inducer, also called Apo-1 or CD95), CD27 (T-cell activation antigen), CD30 (lymphoma marker Hodgkin) and CD40 (B-cell antigen), which share the characteristic of cysteine-rich sequences in their extracellular domains. This family of cytokines generate cellular responses that include differentiation, proliferation, activation of NFκB and cell death, promoting the aggregation of receptor monomers, that is, they have a transmembrane domain that participates in the solubilization of the receptor and a domain of intracellular death that is involved in signal transduction. The binding of TNF to TNF-R1 induces a signaling cascade through its intracellular death domain, which subsequently leads to the activation of complex I (or inflammatory) of NFkB and proceeds to the transcription of anti-apoptotic genes, pro- inflammatory diseases and apoptosis complex II (caspases).
