This is most evidently a metaphor. The thing to keep in mind when analyzing literature/poetry is that if you see figurative language making comparisons/drawing parallels between two differing things--instances where the meaning is not literal such as how injustice is not really a fire and has no flames--it's a safe bet you'll have on your hands a metaphor.
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Answer:
The ulama advised the caliph. Caliph was the religious and political leader of all Muslims till the 9th century.
Explanation:
Middle Ages is the period in European history from the collapse of Roman civilization to the period of the Renaissance that is from 5th century to the beginning of 13th, 14th or 15th century according to the various regions of Europe.
Religion and government were very much connected in the Muslim states. The ulama advised the caliph. Caliph was the religious and political leader of all Muslims till the 9th century.
The ulama were important religious scholars and experts in Sharia law and
Caliph was the leader of the umma.