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This chapter provides a historical framework for consideration of today’s debates over privatization. Changes in policies and practices are never free of the inertia of history. Some of the key pressures for change today have resulted from past action (or inaction), and today’s practices have evolved from specific problem-solving histories.
Efforts to provide safe drinking water and wastewater disposal facilities date back to the origins of civilization (Rosen, 1993; Winslow, 1952). Ancient societies in Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, Pakistan, Crete, and Greece all sought to provide safe drinking water and safe means of human waste disposal. Water supply and wastewater collection reached a high point in the Roman Empire. The Dark Ages, however, witnessed a decline in the development and application of these practices.
As world population neared one billion during the Industrial Revolution in the late nineteenth century, cities and villages became more crowded. Public health concerns dictated that new ways had to be found to provide safe water supplies as well as provide means for safe disposal of sanitary wastes. Growth in the numbers and in the size of cities and increasing use of water in residential, commercial, and industrial enterprises led to increasing provision of public systems for water supply and wastewater systems. Although some research suggests that private water companies emerged during the Renaissance (Walker, 1968), private entrepreneurs initiated the provision of water supply services on a large scale during the nineteenth century in both Europe and the United States. By contrast, provision of sewers, along with streets and drainage facilities,
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Structuralism
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Structuralism examines the fundamental, implicit regularities of personal consciousness — such that, the unidentifiable mechanisms that have visible effects on actions, environment , and culture.
Anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss has derived this hypothesis through structural linguistics, founded by the scholar de Saussure. According to him, every language is organised in the context that its components are interlinked inside non-arbitrary, normal, rule-bound manner; such rules are generally enforced by the qualified native speaker without becoming conscious of them.
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The main difference is that under communism, most property and economic resources are owned and controlled by the state (rather than individual citizens); under socialism, all citizens share equally in economic resources as allocated by a democratically-elected government
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The sentences are filled with emboldened answers along with explanations below.
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In 1931, the Military took control of the Japanese government.
<u>This led to the Japanese forces becoming openly expansionist and authoritarian.</u>
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Expansionist leaders in Japan's military argued that building an empire was the only way to help the economy.
<u>They argued that the colonial enterprise of building an empire would be profitable. </u>
Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931, and in 1937 Japanese troops sacked the Chinese city of Nanking.
<u>The Chinese City of Nanking famously faced the brunt of looting and war crimes at the hands of Japanese. </u>
