Answer:
<u>Biofilms are</u> defined as complex communities of microorganisms that grow embedded in a self-produced polymeric organic matrix and adhered to a living or inert surface, and that can present a single microbial species or a range of different species
Explanation:
The bacteria that form the biofilm are in what is called sessile form, exhibiting a phenotype different from those of the same cells in unicellular or free form (planktonic form) with respect to the growth rate and gene transcription (Donlan, 2002 ).
<u>
The formation</u> of biofilms is an adaptive strategy of microorganisms, since growth in biofilm offers four important advantages: (I) protects microorganisms from the action of adverse agents, (II) increases the availability of nutrients for their growth, (III) facilitates the use of water, reducing the possibility of dehydration and (IV) enables the transfer of genetic material (DNA). All of these circumstances can increase your survival capabilities. As a consequence, <u>the usual methods of disinfection or the use of antibiotics are often ineffective against biofilm bacteria</u>.
In addition to the risk of contamination, the development of biofilms can interfere with different processes and cause damage to the equipment. In drinking water systems the formation of biofilms can obstruct the pipes reducing their speed and transport capacity causing an increase in energy consumption. The formation of biofilm in heat exchangers and cooling towers can reduce heat transfer and as a consequence its efficiency in the process. The formation of persistent biofilms on metal surfaces can cause corrosion due to acid production by bacteria.
Explanation:
the answer is not A, B,D now get it it is Clear C protists
<u>2</u>, <u>1</u>
Igg possesses <u>2</u> binding sites for antigen, and the t-cell receptor possesses <u>1</u> binding sites for antigen.
<h3>IgG: What Does It Mean?</h3>
- Known as immunoglobulin G, It is an antibody of some sort.
- Your immune system produces antibodies, which are proteins, to combat pathogens.
- Your cerebrospinal fluid's levels of IgG are measured using a CSF IgG index.
- Normally, your cerebrospinal fluid contains very little IgG.
<h3>What is the role played by IgG in the body?</h3>
- IgG is typically the most prevalent antibody in blood.
- It guards against infections.
- Therefore, infections are more likely to affect those with IgG deficiencies.
- Your body produces unique proteins known as immunoglobulins or antibodies when it senses an attack.
<h3>When IgG is positive, what happens?</h3>
- The presence of IgG indicates that the infection occurred several weeks to months ago.
- Additionally, it implies that you might no longer be contagious.
- IgG suggests that you might have some viral immunity, though you might not.
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Answer:
The moon isn't visible on the left side. There is a shadow on the left side on the sphere. The light or sun is casting down reflecting light of the right side of each surface.
Explanation:
Genetics affects speciation mostly via mutation caused due to adaptation and environmental conditions.
Explanation:
- The Speciation is defined as the evolution of a species into a distinct species. The cause of this could be several, and some of them could be environmental conditions, mutations, etc
- Environmental conditions include isolation of the species caused by mountain rise, river, flood etc. to survive they have to evolve or get adaptations to living in those conditions
- Mutation happens for many reasons, external factors can also cause the mutations to occur. It will also lead to speciation.
