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3 years ago

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What does the cross product between two vectors represent, and what are some of its properties

1 answer:

Brut [27]3 years ago

6 0

Answer:

See explanation below.

Step-by-step explanation:

Definition

The cross product is a binary operation between two vectors defined as following:

Let two vectors $a = (a_1 ,a_2,a_3) , b=(b_1, b_2, b_3)$

The cross product is defined as:

$a x b = (a_2 b_3 -a_3 b_2, a_3 b_1 -a_1 b_3 ,a_1 b_2 -a_2 b_1)$

The last one is the math definition but we have a geometric interpretation as well.

We define the angle between two vectors a and b $\theta$ and we assume that $0\leq \theta \leq \pi$ and we have the following equation:

$|axb| = |a| |b| sin(\theta)$

And then we conclude that the cross product is orthogonal to both of the original vectors.

Some properties

Let a and b vectors

If two vectors a and b are parallel that implies $|axb| =0$

If $axb \neq 0$ then $axb$ is orthogonal to both a and b.

Let u,v,w vectors and c a scalar we have:

$uxv =-v xu$

$ux (v+w) = uxv + uxw$ (Distributive property)

$(cu)xv = ux(cv) =c (uxv)$

$u. (vxw) = (uxv).w$

Other application of the cross product are related to find the area of a parallelogram for two dimensions where:

$A = |axb|$

And when we want to find the volume of a parallelepiped in 3 dimensions:

$V= |a. (bxc)|$

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Canadians who visit the United States often buy liquor and cigarettes, which are much cheaper in the United States. However, the

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Answer:

(a): Marginal pmf of x

$P(0) = 0.72$

$P(1) = 0.28$

(b): Marginal pmf of y

$P(0) = 0.81$

$P(1) = 0.19$

(c): Mean and Variance of x

$E(x) = 0.28$

$Var(x) = 0.2016$

(d): Mean and Variance of y

$E(y) = 0.19$

$Var(y) = 0.1539$

(e): The covariance and the coefficient of correlation

$Cov(x,y) = 0.0468$

$r \approx 0.2657$

Step-by-step explanation:

Given

<em>x = bottles</em>

<em>y = carton</em>

<em>See attachment for complete question</em>

<em />

Solving (a): Marginal pmf of x

This is calculated as:

$P(x) = \sum\limits^{}_y\ P(x,y)$

So:

$P(0) = P(0,0) + P(0,1)$

$P(0) = 0.63 + 0.09$

$P(0) = 0.72$

$P(1) = P(1,0) + P(1,1)$

$P(1) = 0.18 + 0.10$

$P(1) = 0.28$

Solving (b): Marginal pmf of y

This is calculated as:

$P(y) = \sum\limits^{}_x\ P(x,y)$

So:

$P(0) = P(0,0) + P(1,0)$

$P(0) = 0.63 + 0.18$

$P(0) = 0.81$

$P(1) = P(0,1) + P(1,1)$

$P(1) = 0.09 + 0.10$

$P(1) = 0.19$

Solving (c): Mean and Variance of x

Mean is calculated as:

$E(x) = \sum( x * P(x))$

So, we have:

$E(x) = 0 * P(0) + 1 * P(1)$

$E(x) = 0 * 0.72 + 1 * 0.28$

$E(x) = 0 + 0.28$

$E(x) = 0.28$

Variance is calculated as:

$Var(x) = E(x^2) - (E(x))^2$

Calculate $E(x^2)$

$E(x^2) = \sum( x^2 * P(x))$

$E(x^2) = 0^2 * 0.72 + 1^2 * 0.28$

$E(x^2) = 0 + 0.28$

$E(x^2) = 0.28$

So:

$Var(x) = E(x^2) - (E(x))^2$

$Var(x) = 0.28 - 0.28^2$

$Var(x) = 0.28 - 0.0784$

$Var(x) = 0.2016$

Solving (d): Mean and Variance of y

Mean is calculated as:

$E(y) = \sum(y * P(y))$

So, we have:

$E(y) = 0 * P(0) + 1 * P(1)$

$E(y) = 0 * 0.81 + 1 * 0.19$

$E(y) = 0+0.19$

$E(y) = 0.19$

Variance is calculated as:

$Var(y) = E(y^2) - (E(y))^2$

Calculate $E(y^2)$

$E(y^2) = \sum(y^2 * P(y))$

$E(y^2) = 0^2 * 0.81 + 1^2 * 0.19$

$E(y^2) = 0 + 0.19$

$E(y^2) = 0.19$

So:

$Var(y) = E(y^2) - (E(y))^2$

$Var(y) = 0.19 - 0.19^2$

$Var(y) = 0.19 - 0.0361$

$Var(y) = 0.1539$

Solving (e): The covariance and the coefficient of correlation

Covariance is calculated as:

$COV(x,y) = E(xy) - E(x) * E(y)$

Calculate E(xy)

$E(xy) = \sum (xy * P(xy))$

This gives:

$E(xy) = x_0y_0 * P(0,0) + x_1y_0 * P(1,0) +x_0y_1 * P(0,1) + x_1y_1 * P(1,1)$

$E(xy) = 0*0 * 0.63 + 1*0 * 0.18 +0*1 * 0.09 + 1*1 * 0.1$

$E(xy) = 0+0+0 + 0.1$

$E(xy) = 0.1$

So:

$COV(x,y) = E(xy) - E(x) * E(y)$

$Cov(x,y) = 0.1 - 0.28 * 0.19$

$Cov(x,y) = 0.1 - 0.0532$

$Cov(x,y) = 0.0468$

The coefficient of correlation is then calculated as:

$r = \frac{Cov(x,y)}{\sqrt{Var(x) * Var(y)}}$

$r = \frac{0.0468}{\sqrt{0.2016 * 0.1539}}$

$r = \frac{0.0468}{\sqrt{0.03102624}}$

$r = \frac{0.0468}{0.17614266944}$

$r = 0.26569371378$

$r \approx 0.2657$ --- approximated

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devlian [24]

Answer:

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Step-by-step explanation:

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