Profession of Faith (shahada). The belief that "There is no god but God, and Muhammad is the Messenger of God" is central to Islam. This phrase, written in Arabic, is often prominently featured in architecture and a range of objects, including the Qur'an, Islam's holy book of divine revelations. One becomes a Muslim by reciting this phrase with conviction.
Prayer (salat). Muslims pray facing Mecca five times a day: at dawn, noon, mid-afternoon, sunset, and after dark. Prayer includes a recitation of the opening chapter (sura) of the Qur'an, and is sometimes performed on a small rug or mat used expressly for this purpose (see image 24). Muslims can pray individually at any location (fig. 1) or together in a mosque, where a leader in prayer (imam) guides the congregation. Men gather in the mosque for the noonday prayer on Friday; women are welcome but not obliged to participate. After the prayer, a sermon focuses on a passage from the Qur'an, followed by prayers by the imam and a discussion of a particular religious topic.
Alms (zakat). In accordance with Islamic law, Muslims donate a fixed portion of their income to community members in need. Many rulers and wealthy Muslims build mosques, drinking fountains, hospitals, schools, and other institutions both as a religious duty and to secure the blessings associated with charity.
Fasting (sawm). During the daylight hours of Ramadan, the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, all healthy adult Muslims are required to abstain from food and drink. Through this temporary deprivation, they renew their awareness of and gratitude for everything God has provided in their lives—including the Qur'an, which was first revealed during this month. During Ramadan they share the hunger and thirst of the needy as a reminder of the religious duty to help those less fortunate.
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The Founding Fathers were very influenced by the Enlightenment movement, especially by the philosopher John Locke. Because of that, the Founding Fathers justified the rebellion against the British.
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The long reach of the past seems to in any case to be causing the Kremlin some uneasiness. The impacts of the interruption related with the October Upheaval and the resulting arrangement of the Soviet Association infiltrated all aspects of Russian life. A profound association with the past is as yet felt by numerous conventional Russians. I caught a lady in her mid sixties indignantly taking steps to cast a ballot against Vladimir Putin in the impending races since he wouldn't commend the October Unrest. These sentiments are subsiding, however gradually, writes Alexander Nekrassov.
The centennial year of the October Upset showed that the Kremlin is dismissing the Soviet progressive heritage. The Russian state, itself to a great extent a progressive heritage, likes to see in 1917 examination material to evaluate and to gain from. The authority approach currently is to instruct another age of Russians who never commended the October Transformation.
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