Question: Is the pre-synaptic or the post-synaptic neuron damaged? Explain your rationale in detail (in other words, detail how you came to your conclusion). You're going to have to really think on this one. It's not something you can look up in the text. You will need to use what you have learned about the autonomic nervous system and some critical thinking to arrive at the answer.
Horner's Syndrome riddle: Ach is the neurotransmitter at all ANS preganglionic fibers, including SNS. The pt has decreased sweating and pupil constriction, indicating blockage of SNS transmission. When the MD gave ACh it induced sweating, but not pupil dilation. This is because the sweat glands are an exception in normal SNS transmission, as the postganglionic fibers utilize ACh as their neurotransmitters. Other SNS pathways utilize NE as their neurotransmitter. So ACh acted directly on the sweat gland to produce sweating, but could not stimulate the typical postsynaptic neurons to release NE. When the MD gave NE he saw pupil dilation, but not sweating, indicating the NE worked directly at the iris to produce pupil dilation. This indicaates the problem was with the postsganglionic neuron. If the preganglionic neuron were the problem injecting ACh would have solved both problems.
Sun is the source of energy for life on earth.
Answer Sun -d)
True, they can infect plants, people, animals, and bacteria
Explanation:
The endomembrane system (endo- = “within”) is a group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that works together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins. It includes a variety of organelles, such as the nuclear envelope and lysosomes, which you may already know, and the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, which we will cover shortly.
Although it's not technically inside the cell, the plasma membrane is also part of the endomembrane system. As we'll see, the plasma membrane interacts with the other endomembrane organelles, and it's the site where secreted proteins (like the pancreatic enzymes in the intro) are exported. Important note: the endomembrane system does not include mitochondria, chloroplasts, or peroxisomes.
Let's take a closer look at the different parts of the endomembrane system and how they function in the shipping of proteins and lipids.
