The most probable and most likely answer to this problem would be genetic engineering.
Since this talks about scientists having recently modified the bacteria that cause tooth decay by inserting a fragment of DNA into the bacteria's DNA that prevents it from producing lactic acid, it has now altered the genetic composition of the bacteria. Genetically engineering bacteria and viruses have their advantages and, of course, disadvantages, either direct ones or long term ones. Genetic engineering would prove that it would be one of the many weapons that we could use to counter problems in the coming future.
Answer:
PFK (protein): cytoplasm only (targeting pathway)
Insulin (protein): ER->Golgi->outside cell
Explanation:
Translation can be described as the mechanism by which a protein is produced through a mRNA.
If a particular protein is to function inside the same cell, then it doesn't need to get any modification so that it can travel outside the cell. Such type of proteins are translated on free cytoplasmic ribosomes and are released directly into the cytoplasm to perform their function. For example, PFK protein.
If a protein has to function outside the cell where it is produced, then it has to be modified. Such type or proteins are translated on the rough ER. They are then modified in the Golgi complex and then transported outside the cell to the area where they have to function. For example, insulin.
Answer:
Cells do not generally allow such materials to go in because they are having a cell membrane outside. The cell membrane only allows the materials which are required for the growth of the cell such as water and minerals.
