Pituitary dwarfism is caused by problems arising from the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland, also called the hypophysis, is a gland at the base of the brain that produces many different hormones. This gland is divided into the anterior (front) and posterior (back) halves. The anterior pituitary produces six hormones: growth hormone, adrenocorticotropin (corticotropin), thyroid stimulating hormone (thyrotropin), prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone, and lutenizing hormone. The posterior pituitary gland only produces two hormones: antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) and oxytocin.
The growth process begins in the lower part of the forebrain in a small organ called the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus releases hormones that regulate the production of other hormones. When the hypothalamus releases growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), the anterior pituitary is stimulated to release growth hormone (GH). Growth hormone then acts on the liver and other tissues and stimulates them to secrete insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). IGF-1 directly promotes the development of bone and muscle, causing bones to grow in length, and muscles to increase protein synthesis (make more protein).
Since growth is a complex phenomenon, it may be slowed down or stopped by abnormalities arising at any point in the process. Thus, dwarfism can result if there is a deficiency in any of these hormones, if there is a failure in the receptor cells receiving the hormonal stimuli, or if the target cells are unable to respond.
At its most basic, pituitary dwarfism results from decreased production of hormones by the anterior pituitary. When none of the hormones of the anterior pituitary are adequately produced, this is called panhypopituitarism. A common form of pituitary dwarfism is due to deficiencies in the production of growth hormone (GH). When less GH than normal is produced during childhood, an individual's arms, legs, and other structures continue to develop in normal proportions, but at a decreased rate.
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Answer:
In this context, rice, rubber, timber, kenaf, tapioca, sugar, copra, cattle, and fish are as much natural resources as tin, oil, bauxite, coal, and iron ore. The chapter presents broader connotation. Southeast Asia is a traditional producer and exporter of raw materials and of natural resources.
Explanation
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Answer:
The correct answer is "motor unit - motor neuron".
Explanation:
Motor unit and motor neuron are related terms, however they could not be used interchangeably because a motor unit is not comprised only of a motor neuron. A motor unit is made of a motor neuron, skeletal muscle fibers and neuron's axonal terminals. Therefore motor unit is a more broadly term, and is referred to the units that coordinate the contractions of single muscles.
Answer:
granular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus
Explanation:
Renin is a secreted hormone, stored and produced by granular cells. This enzyme is responsible for regulating the water gradient in the human glass and blood pressure. This enzyme helps regulate the extracellular gradient in the blood cell plasma and controls any problems that may appear in the arteries or in all blood vessels in the body.
