Answer:
Engel v. Vitale
LAW CASE
WRITTEN BY: The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Engel v. Vitale, case in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled on June 25, 1962, that voluntary prayer in public schools violated the U.S. Constitution’s First Amendment prohibition of a state establishment of religion.
New York state’s Board of Regents wrote and authorized a voluntary nondenominational prayer that could be recited by students at the beginning of each school day. In 1958–59 a group of parents that included Steven Engel in Hyde Park, New York, objected to the prayer, which read, “Almighty God, we acknowledge our dependence upon Thee, and we beg Thy blessings upon us, our parents, our teachers, and our country,” and sued the school board president, William Vitale. The prayer, which proponents argued was constitutional because it was voluntary and promoted the free exercise of religion (also protected in the First Amendment), was upheld by New York’s courts, prompting the petitioners to file a successful appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court. Engel et al. were supported by the American Civil Liberties Union, and briefs were filed on their behalf by the American Ethical Union and the American Jewish Committee, while the governments of some 20 states called on the U.S. Supreme Court to uphold the prayer.
Oral arguments took place on April 3, 1962. The Supreme Court’s ruling was released on June 25 and found New York’s law unconstitutional by a margin of 6–1 (two justices did not participate in the decision). Hugo L. Black wrote the Supreme Court’s opinion, in which the majority argued “that, by using its public school system to encourage recitation of the Regents’ prayer, the State of New York has adopted a practice wholly inconsistent with the Establishment Clause.” The lone dissent came from Potter Stewart, who argued that the majority had “misapplied a great constitutional principle” and could not understand “how an ‘official religion’ is established by letting those who want to say a prayer say it. On the contrary, I think to deny the wish of these school children to join in reciting this prayer is to deny them the opportunity of sharing in the spiritual heritage of our Nation.” The decision, the first in which the Supreme Court had ruled unconstitutional public school sponsorship of religion, was unpopular with a broad segment of the American public.
Answer:
The effort that was considered first attempt to regulate the monopolizing and pricing practices of the railroad is:
- Laws passed by state legislatures regulating the monopolizing and pricing practices of the railroad corporations.
Explanation:
- The railroad has played a vital role in the history of industrialization. The two industries, that were most expanded as a result of transcontinental railroad, were mining and agriculture.
- But the wealthy railroad barons were doing some practices of practice. So, the efforts were made to mitigate these issues. The laws were passed by the stated legislatures in order to regulate the monopolizing and pricing practices of the railroad.
- As a result of these efforts, things become better and it solved my problems gradually.
You just need some inspiration. for the poster draw some women with signs saying things they wanted in the 19th amendment. for the slogan come up with something catchy. maybe like "write us for rights"
Um can you elaborate more because I’m not understanding the question
Answer:
Conflicts from June'41 to May'45 (WWII) is commonly referred to as the Great Patriotic War.
The Soviet Union was established far before these events and lasted long after. The immediate effects post-war were mostly negative. The economy was of the nation and its people were significant damaged due to the massive loss of towns, factories, livestock, and citizens. This lead to limited harvests and food shortages during and after the war. The political impact lead to the military and government creation of the "Iron Curtain" which essentially attempted to reinforce communism and socialism by blocking out any western, non-communist ideologies. Because 70% of the industrial output went to the war effort, many citizens became homeless, jobless, and even starved to death. It would take countless years for the country to recover and the effects are still felt today.
