Reproduction in plants can be by vegetative propagation, through the vegetative propagules like the rhizomes or tubers, asexual reproduction by the production of spores and sexual reproduction by the formation of the male and female gametes.
Spores are the agents of asexual reproduction in plants. They are formed in the non-seed-bearing plants like the liverworts, hornworts, mosses and ferns. The ferns are the group of vascular plants that reproduce by spores. The leaves of the ferns (fronds) contain numerous sporangia which produce tiny spores. When the sporangia breaks open, the spores are released and dispersed by the wind. On encountering favourable conditions of the environment, these spores grow into tiny plants called the gametophytes.
