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So the history of Colombia includes the settlements and society by indigenous peoples, most notably, the Muisca Confederation, Quimbaya Civilization, and Tairona Chiefdoms; the Spanish arrived in 1499 and initiated a period of annexation and colonization, most noteworthy being Spanish conquest of the Muisca; ultimately creating the Viceroyalty of New Granada, with its capital at Bogotá. Independence from Spain was won in 1819, but by 1830 the "Gran Colombia" Federation was dissolved. What is now Colombia and Panama emerged as the Republic of New Granada. The new nation experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation (1858), and then the United States of Colombia (1863), before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886. Panama seceded in 1903. Since the 1960s, the country has suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict, which escalated in the 1990s, but then decreased from 2005 onward. The legacy of Colombia's history has resulted in one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse countries in the world giving rise to a rich cultural heritage; while varied geography, and the imposing landscape of the country has resulted in the development of very strong regional identities
The answer is the first one. The British replaced the Mughal empire. The Mughal (or Mogul) Empire ruled most of India and Pakistan in the 16th and 17th centuries.It centralized Islam in South Asia, and spread Muslim (and particularly Persian) arts and culture as well as the faith around their territory. In the last decades of the seventeenth century Aurangzeb invaded the Hindu kingdoms in central and southern India, conquering a lot of the territory and taking many slaves.Under him, the Mughal empire reached the highest point of its military power, but the rule was unstable. This was partly because of the hostility that his intolerance and taxation created in the population, but also because the empire had become too big to be successfully governed. The Muslim Governer of Hydrabad in southern India rebelled and established a separate state; he also reintroduced religious tolerance for the Hindus in the Muslim state.The Hindu kingdoms also fought back, often supported by the French and the British, who utilized them to tighten their grip on the sub-continent.The establishment of a Hindu Marathi Empire in southern India separated the Mughal state to the south. The Mughal city of Calcutta became controlled by the east India company in 1696 and, in the decades that followed, Europeans and European - backed Hindu princes conquered most of the Mughal territory. Aurangzeb's extremism caused Mughal territory and creativity to dry up and the Empire went into decline. The Mughal Emperors that followed Aurangzeb effectively became British or French puppets. The last Mughal Emperor was deposed by the British in 1858.<span>
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