The origin of Sikhism has been the centre of a debate. Others consider Sikhism as a combination of Hinduism and Islam.The founder of Sikhism, Sri Guru Nanak Dev Ji. He rejected most of the beliefs and practices of other Indian religions. Sikhismmight appeal to many Indians in early 1860’s due to rejection of the Caste System and the belief that faith is more important than worship.
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Constantinopole was located in a geographic crossroad , its position was strategic and it´s still so for Turkey under its current name, Istambul.
Because of this location , the capital of the Byzantine Empire was able to receive cultural influences from Europe and Asia, from many countries. Though it was a major theological center of Christianity and a heir to Grecorroman culture, its location got it exposed to Islamic, Turkic, Persian, Caucasian, European and Jewish influences. Because it was the last point of the trade routes with Asia and one of the ending posts of the Silk Road, Constantinopole was a cosmopolitan metropolis for a good part of its history.
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France under the Ancien Régime (before the French Revolution) divided society into three estates: the First Estate (clergy); the Second Estate (nobility); and the Third Estate (commoners). The king was considered part of no estate.
. International: struggle for hegemony and Empire outstrips the fiscal resources of the state
2. Political conflict: conflict between the Monarchy and the nobility over the “reform” of the tax system led to paralysis and bankruptcy.
3. The Enlightenment: impulse for reform intensifies political conflicts; reinforces traditional aristocratic constitutionalism, one variant of which was laid out in Montequieu’s Spirit of the Laws; introduces new notions of good government, the most radical being popular sovereignty, as in Rousseau’s Social Contract [1762]; the attack on the regime and privileged class by the Literary Underground of “Grub Street;” the broadening influence of public opinion.
4. Social antagonisms between two rising groups: the aristocracy and the bourgeoisie
5. Ineffective ruler: Louis XVI
6. Economic hardship, especially the agrarian crisis of 1788-89 generates popular discontent and disorders caused by food shortages.
All the wars in his old country
