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Doss [256]
3 years ago
5

Use the Trapezoidal Rule, the Midpoint Rule, and Simpson's Rule to approximate the given integral with the specified value of n.

(Round your answers to six decimal places.) 5 4 1 ln(t) dt, n = 10 (a) the Trapezoidal Rule (b) the Midpoint Rule (c) Simpson's Rule
Mathematics
1 answer:
Otrada [13]3 years ago
4 0

I guess the "5" is supposed to represent the integral sign?

I=\displaystyle\int_1^4\ln t\,\mathrm dt

With n=10 subintervals, we split up the domain of integration as

[1, 13/10], [13/10, 8/5], [8/5, 19/10], ... , [37/10, 4]

For each rule, it will help to have a sequence that determines the end points of each subinterval. This is easily, since they form arithmetic sequences. Left endpoints are generated according to

\ell_i=1+\dfrac{3(i-1)}{10}

and right endpoints are given by

r_i=1+\dfrac{3i}{10}

where 1\le i\le10.

a. For the trapezoidal rule, we approximate the area under the curve over each subinterval with the area of a trapezoid with "height" equal to the length of each subinterval, \dfrac{4-1}{10}=\dfrac3{10}, and "bases" equal to the values of \ln t at both endpoints of each subinterval. The area of the trapezoid over the i-th subinterval is

\dfrac{\ln\ell_i+\ln r_i}2\dfrac3{10}=\dfrac3{20}\ln(ell_ir_i)

Then the integral is approximately

I\approx\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{10}\frac3{20}\ln(\ell_ir_i)\approx\boxed{2.540}

b. For the midpoint rule, we take the rectangle over each subinterval with base length equal to the length of each subinterval and height equal to the value of \ln t at the average of the subinterval's endpoints, \dfrac{\ell_i+r_i}2. The area of the rectangle over the i-th subinterval is then

\ln\left(\dfrac{\ell_i+r_i}2\right)\dfrac3{10}

so the integral is approximately

I\approx\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{10}\frac3{10}\ln\left(\dfrac{\ell_i+r_i}2\right)\approx\boxed{2.548}

c. For Simpson's rule, we find a quadratic interpolation of \ln t over each subinterval given by

P(t_i)=\ln\ell_i\dfrac{(t-m_i)(t-r_i)}{(\ell_i-m_i)(\ell_i-r_i)}+\ln m_i\dfrac{(t-\ell_i)(t-r_i)}{(m_i-\ell_i)(m_i-r_i)}+\ln r_i\dfrac{(t-\ell_i)(t-m_i)}{(r_i-\ell_i)(r_i-m_i)}

where m_i is the midpoint of the i-th subinterval,

m_i=\dfrac{\ell_i+r_i}2

Then the integral I is equal to the sum of the integrals of each interpolation over the corresponding i-th subinterval.

I\approx\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{10}\int_{\ell_i}^{r_i}P(t_i)\,\mathrm dt

It's easy to show that

\displaystyle\int_{\ell_i}^{r_i}P(t_i)\,\mathrm dt=\frac{r_i-\ell_i}6(\ln\ell_i+4\ln m_i+\ln r_i)

so that the value of the overall integral is approximately

I\approx\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{10}\frac{r_i-\ell_i}6(\ln\ell_i+4\ln m_i+\ln r_i)\approx\boxed{2.545}

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a) 182 possible ways.

b) 5148 possible ways.

c) 1378 possible ways.

d) 2899 possible ways.

Step-by-step explanation:

The order in which the cards are chosen is not important, which means that we use the combinations formula to solve this question.

Combinations formula:

C_{n,x} is the number of different combinations of x objects from a set of n elements, given by the following formula.

C_{n,x} = \frac{n!}{x!(n-x)!}

In this question, we have that:

There are 52 total cards, of which:

13 are spades.

13 are diamonds.

13 are hearts.

13 are clubs.

(a)Two-pairs: Two pairs plus another card of a different value, for example:

2 pairs of 2 from sets os 13.

1 other card, from a set of 26(whichever two cards were not chosen above). So

T = 2C_{13,2} + C_{26,1} = 2*\frac{13!}{2!11!} + \frac{26!}{1!25!} = 182

So 182 possible ways.

(b)Flush: five cards of the same suit but different values, for example:

4 combinations of 5 from a set of 13(can be all spades, all diamonds, and hearts or all clubs). So

T = 4*C_{13,5} = 4*\frac{13!}{5!8!} = 5148

So 5148 possible ways.

(c)Full house: A three of a kind and a pair, for example:

4 combinations of 3 from a set of 13(three of a kind ,c an be all possible kinds).

3 combinations of 2 from a set of 13(the pair, cant be the kind chosen for the trio, so 3 combinations). So

T = 4*C_{13,3} + 3*C_{13.2} = 4*\frac{13!}{3!10!} + 3*\frac{13!}{2!11!} = 1378

So 1378 possible ways.

(d)Four of a kind: Four cards of the same value, for example:

4 combinations of 4 from a set of 13(four of a kind, can be all spades, all diamonds, and hearts or all clubs).

1 from the remaining 39(do not involve the kind chosen above). So

T = 4*C_{13,4} + C_{39,1} = 4*\frac{13!}{4!9!} + \frac{39!}{1!38!} = 2899

So 2899 possible ways.

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Step-by-step explanation:

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