Minerals are mined from the ground in two of the most common processes: surface mining (minerals at or near the surface) and subsurface mining (minerals deep underground in the Earth). Minerals are processed through mineral processing which separates the valuable items from the rest of the mineral.
B. Horses. I doubt they'd kill their own mounts unless they had to.
Freedom to gather peaceable
The Phoenician economy was supported by trading via seas and applying money, which were invented by that nation.
Benito mussolini was a severe nationalist aka fascist which hitler looked at like a hero