During photosynthesis, the energy used to pump protons comes from ______light_____, whereas in cellular respiration it comes from ______NADH/FADH₂_______.
<h3>What are the steps in photosynthesis?</h3>
- The first step in photosynthesis is the absorption of light by chlorophyll bound to chloroplast thylakoid proteins. The absorbed light energy is used to remove electrons from electron donors such as water to form oxygen.
- The electrons are then transferred to the primary electron acceptor, quinine (Q.). Electrons are further transferred from the primary electron acceptor to the final electron acceptor (usually NADP⁺).
- Proton transfer from the thylakoid lumen to the stroma via the F₀F₁ complex generates ATP from ADP and Pi.
- The NADP and ATP produced in steps 2 and 3 provide the energy, and the electrons power the process of reducing the carbon to a six-carbon sugar molecule.
The first three steps of photosynthesis, are directly dependent on light energy and are thus, called light reactions, while the reactions in the last step are independent of light and thus are termed dark reactions.
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Answer:
The answer is Covection.
Explanation:
Convection current occurs where hot / warm air rises and cold air drops and replace it.
Answer:
Prophase 1
Explanation:
Prophase I :It can be divided into five stages:
1)Leplotene: In this stage, chromosome becomes visible and shorten as a single structure.
2)Zygotene: Homologous / sister chromosome pair up. This process is known as synapse. Synapse is the process of attachment of homologous /sister chromosome. One pair comes from the male parent while the other comes from the female parent.
3)Pachytene: Bivalents shorten.
4)Diplotene:Point of attachment of non-sister chromatids. The two chromosomes are seen to be joined at several points along their length. These points are known as Chiasmata.(Chiasmata, a cross). The paternal gene A, B, C may swap for the maternal gene a, b, c for instance, leading to a new gene combination in the resulting chromatids. This is referred to as *CROSSING OVER*.
5)Diakenesis: Homologous centromere move apart.
So, crossing over occurs in *Prophase 1.