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Vladimir [108]
3 years ago
13

What is the most poisonous spider in the world?

Biology
1 answer:
wel3 years ago
5 0
According to Guinness World Records the Brazilian wandering spider (Phoneutria fera) is officially the world’s most venomous spider. It is capable of injecting a powerful neurotoxin which is nearly 20 times more deadly that of the Black Widow spider if it gets into the blood stream. That is as potent as the venom of many deadly snake species and the effects are similar. The symptoms of envenomation include a loss of muscle control leading to breathing problems which can result in complete respiratory paralysis and eventually asphyxiation.
But there are two other major side effects to the wandering spider’s bite; firstly there is intense pain and secondly, if you happen to be male there is the four hour hard on. Yes, you did read that correctly – the bite of the Brazilian wandering spider can cause an erection that lasts for several hours, unfortunately it is also painful.

In addition to the this deadly venom the behaviour of the wandering spider make it particularly dangerous to humans. As its name suggests the spiders are not confined to a web in a dark corner. In fact they like to turn up in all manner of hiding places; boots, piles of clothes, log piles, cars and bunches of bananas. Also known as ‘banana spiders’ wandering spiders have been known to hitch a ride across the globe in boxes of bananas. In one case a man in the UK was bitten after buying bananas in his local supermarket.

There is little doubt that these are dangerous spiders. Their aggressive nature and close contact with humans have resulted in a number of deaths over the years. In one tragic case a single spider was responsible for the deaths of two children in São Paulo. Fortunately an effective antivenom has been developed and there have been relatively few fatalities since.


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In this week's experiments, if you replaced glucose with the monosaccharide fructose, predict the results for fructose transport
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Fructose is a type of carbohydrate found in vegetables, fruits, and honey. It is a monosaccharide with the same molecular formula as glucose, C6H12O6, but with a different structure, that is, it is an isomer of glucose. Its energetic power is the same as that of glucose, 4 kilocalories per gram, and it is a reducing carbohydrate.

Glucose is the main energy substance of a cell and for its entry  it requires a transport protein in the cell membrane, called transporter. The transport of glucose through the cell membrane is carried out by two families of membrane proteins:

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On the other hand,  fructose is absorbed by another type of transporter, called Glut-5, a protein that crosses the membrane 12 times. Finally, the passage of both glucose and fructose into the blood takes place through the Glut-2, a transporter with low affinity and high transport capacity.

If any Glut is considered within the context of a large family of proteins, it can be immediately noticed that they all possess common characteristics that in biochemical terms are called "molecular signature of glucose transporters" and that it is no more than a set of extremely conserved primary amino acidic sequences that determine secondary and tertiary structures (domains or motifs) that are responsible for the functional characteristics of the protein.

<u>Facilitated diffusion is a type of cellular transport where the presence of a carrier or transporter (integral protein, Glut is this example</u>)<u> is necessary for substances to cross the membrane.</u> It happens because the molecules are larger or insoluble in lipids and need to be transported with the help of membrane proteins. So, in the first step, fructose binds to the transport protein, and this changes shape, allowing the passage of this sugar. In this way, fructose concentrations inside the cell are always very low, and the external and internal concentration gradient favours diffusion.

Summarizing, fructose is transported by facilitated diffusion. So if we replaced glucose with fructose we would have seen no change in each conditions. And since fructose is transported by this type of mechanism, there is not a concentration gradient.

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