The answer is primary reinforcement as to secondary
reinforcement. Primary reinforcers are biological. Principal examples are food,
beverage, and desire. But, most human reinforcers are secondary, or
conditioned. Examples comprise money, grades in schools, and tokens. Secondary reinforcers acquire their power through a history
of link with primary reinforcers or other secondary reinforcers. For instance,
if I said to you that dollars were no longer accepted to be used as cash, then
dollars would miss their control as a secondary reinforcer.
Answer:
political risk.
Explanation:
political risk: This is risk or changes in government policy that adversely affect the fortune of companies operating in a country. Since Italian government expropriated the company paid only €80,000 as again €125,000 that the company worth. The company has suffered political risk.
Exchange rate risk or currency risk: It is a risk arising from frequent changes in exchange rate or amount in which a country's currency can be exchange for another currency. Since exchange rate remain the same i.e. $1.25 = €1.00, exchange rate risk did not occurred.
Answer:
monetary policy is primarily concerned with the management of interest rates and total supply of money in circulation and is generally carried out by central banks. and monetary policy is conducted by federal reserve by managing the level of short-term interests rates and influencing the overall availability and costs of credit in the economy.
fiscal policy is collective term for the taxing and spending actions of governments. fiscal policy is conducted by both executives and legislative branches of the government.
