Answer:
These are examples of Islamic contributions to the field of literature.
Explanation:
In the 7th-9th centuries, Muslim Arabs, spreading a new creed, seized a vast territory stretching from Spain in the west to the borders of China in the east and created a theocratic state called the Caliphate.
After the formation of the Caliphate, the Arab tribal nobility, who settled in large multi-ethnic cities of the Near and Middle East and North Africa, sought to preserve their ethnic identity and continued to cultivate Arabic literature, which was recorded in writing.
Written prose in Arabic, which arose in the first decades of the Caliphate, soon became a means of educating a person in particular, that who was called to carry out administrative functions in the state apparatus. So the name of this prose appeared - adab, which at the same time means “upbringing,” “education.” Useful information - from the rules of Arabic grammar to various historical jokes - was presented in this literature in an elegant language, in a popular entertaining form, since the second important function of the adab was entertaining. Namely the adab in the process of its formation was most affected by other cultures.
Already in the 8th century, elements of Indo-Iranian and Greek-Hellenistic traditions flowed into it: edifying fables, parables, ethical and philosophical works. Ancient Persian literature and its aesthetic principles, rooted in ancient Indian culture, had a particularly noticeable influence on Arab medieval prose. This was most clearly manifested in such famous Arab literary and folklore monuments as Kalila and Dimna and Tales of a Thousand and One Nights.
Islamic poetry was created, in particular, in such a lyrical genre as rubais. The quatrain of rubais, dating back to folklore, also had its own size, which was absent in the Arab metric system. This form has gained popularity due to its conciseness and aphorism. A well-known literary monument is Rubaiyat by Omar Khayyam, although Khayyam was not a professional poet, and he wrote the quatrains- rubais, which many centuries later brought him worldwide fame, primarily for reading among friends and like-minded people.
