Unity was brought mainly by the decades-long process of setting up and expanding the European Union in the aftermath of WW 2; also the disappearance of the Iron Curtain in 1989 was a major factor in uniting Europe.
Major disruptive factors were of course the two World Wars, and before 1989, the existence of a Communist-dominated Eastern Europe versus Western Europe.
Islamic scholars expertly gathered data and ordered it so that people could easily understand and reference information through various texts. They also summarized many Greek and Roman writings, compiling encyclopedias. Rather than being a subject in its own right, medicine was part of medieval Islamic culture.
France expected that their colonies would always be part of France. Britain trained their colonies to be self-governing.
The correct answer is Egypt, since Egypt is a country, not a kingdom.
