Without clean water, more than 1a million women lose their lives every year with sanitation-related hookworm, which causes maternal anaemia and preterm births.
<h3>What is the relation between hookworm and anemia?</h3>
In regions where hookworm incidence is greater than 20% and anemia prevalence is larger than 40%, routine preventative chemotherapy for pregnant women after the first trimester is advised, as was already mentioned. In places above and below this guideline threshold, a subset analysis of the effects of maternal hookworm infection on anemia was conducted. Pregnant women with hookworm infection had a higher likelihood of having anemia than pregnant women without hookworm, as would be expected in locations where the prevalence of hookworm is more than 20% P 0.001. Intriguingly, pregnant women with hookworm infection had a higher chance of having anemia with a cOR of 6.07, P 0.001, in regions where the prevalence of hookworm was less than 20%.
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Mitochondria produce ATP<span> by </span>respiration<span> and the Kreb's cycle. If you want some extra credit, the cytoplasm of a </span>cell<span> (the fluid </span>cellular<span> matrix) also </span>produces ATP<span>, but by glycolysis.</span>
<span>In order for a cell to become cancerous, oncogenes must be active and tumor suppressors inactive.
Oncogenes are genes which carry genetic material capable of inducing cancer. Tumor suppressors, on the other hand, function as a sort of "anti oncogene." In other words, tumor suppressors work to stop uncontrolled cellular growth and prevent cells from becoming cancerous. So if oncogenes are active and tumor suppressors are inactive, then there is nothing to prevent the cell from growing cancerous.</span>
A) Between pH 1 and 6. This is because within this range, the enzyme activity is nonzero, whereas outside the range it is zero
b) Optimum pH. This is simply because it is the pH for which an optimum enzyme activity is achieved, maximising the rate of reaction
The final question requires a little more explanation. At this level we work with the lock and key hypothesis, that is to say the enzyme only catalyses the reaction when the substrate(s) collide with the active site with the correct orientation and minimum activation energy is exceeded. The enzyme is specialised to the substrate, so the active site (where catalysis by adsorption/desorption occurs) is a very specific shape to fit it. In denaturing, the active site changes shape such that it is no longer specialised to the substrate. The lock is no longer the right shape for the key, so the enzyme no longer works.
This denaturing can be caused by extremes in pH, where ionic interactions with H+ or OH- break bonds in the protein, or by high temperature breaking these bonds.
I hope this helps you :)
