I can't see the question because it is blurry. I am sorry...
A) secretion of acids and ammonia
Answer: The number of electrons in an atom's outermost valence shell governs its bonding behaviour. Elements whose atoms have the same number of valence electrons are grouped together in the Periodic Table. ... Nonmetals tend to attract additional valence electrons to form either ionic or covalent bonds.
I believe the answer will be A