Answer:
D. The energy flow is not dependent on any members of the ecosystem
Explanation:
The energy flow in an ecosystem is not dependent on any member of the ecosystem. It is the flow of energy through the food chain, energy is passed from members in one trophic level to members in another or the next trophic level. The flow of energy in an ecosystem is important because it helps in maintaining balance in ecology.
Answer:
Having considered how an appropriate primary immune response is mounted to pathogens in both the peripheral lymphoid system and the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues, we now turn to immunological memory, which is a feature of both compartments. Perhaps the most important consequence of an adaptive immune response is the establishment of a state of immunological memory. Immunological memory is the ability of the immune system to respond more rapidly and effectively to pathogens that have been encountered previously, and reflects the preexistence of a clonally expanded population of antigen-specific lymphocytes. Memory responses, which are called secondary, tertiary, and so on, depending on the number of exposures to antigen, also differ qualitatively from primary responses. This is particularly clear in the case of the antibody response, where the characteristics of antibodies produced in secondary and subsequent responses are distinct from those produced in the primary response to the same antigen. Memory T-cell responses have been harder to study, but can also be distinguished from the responses of naive or effector T cells. The principal focus of this section will be the altered character of memory responses, although we will also discuss emerging explanations of how immunological memory persists after exposure to antigen. A long-standing debate about whether specific memory is maintained by distinct populations of long-lived memory cells that can persist without residual antigen, or by lymphocytes that are under perpetual stimulation by residual antigen, appears to have been settled in favor of the former hypothesis.
Increasing the light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis, until some other factor - a limiting factor - becomes in short supply. At very high light intensities, photosynthesis is slowed and then inhibited, but these light intensities do not occur in nature.
Answer:
Evolution is a scientific theory used by biologists. It explains how living things change over a long time, and how they have come to be the way they are. ... It is known that living things have changed over time, because their remains can be seen in the rocks. These remains are called 'fossils'.
Immunoglobulins are produced by D. plasma cells, a type of leukocyte. They are produced in response to the foreign bodies that enter the body. The immunoglobulins are also known as antibodies. The immune response of the antibodies is quite complex and highly specific to the type of antigen it binds to. There are five types of immunoglobulins in the mammals, they are IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG and IgM.
